Preclearance requirement. This approval is called “preclearance.

Preclearance requirement Preclearance Requirements Margin Accounts and Limit Orders Access Persons and Investment Persons are discouraged from entering limit orders that carry over to a future trading day and from maintaining margin accounts. WHAT’S SECTION 5? The Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 to ensure that state and local governments don’t deny American citizens the right to vote based on race. Furthermore, it does not directly affect the preclearance requirement in Section 5, which leaves Congress the opportunity to draft new rules -- based on current conditions -- to determine which states or local governments should be subject to preclearance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The motivation to rewrite the Texas Constitution in the 1970s came primarily from, Independent state grounds allow for states to provide additional rights and guarantees for their citizens beyond those listed in the U. The Supreme Court struck down Section 4 (b) of the act, leaving Section 5 intact. The applicable date is the date that was used to determine coverage and the date after which changes affecting voting are subject to the preclearance requirement. This provision was intended to protect against racial discrimination in voting, specifically in states with a history of such practices. Section 5 is one of the several temporary provisions set to expire in 2007. Apr 25, 2023 · Preclearance required certain jurisdictions to obtain DOJ or U. What are preclearance requirements supposed to prevent? unfair changes in voting laws that discriminate against the voting rights of minorities. In the 1940s and 1950s, federal courts struck down many unfair voting practices. Recognizing that Section 4 (b)’s formula designating covered jurisdictions might be both over- and under-inclusive, the Act included procedures for a “covered” jurisdiction to “bailout” of coverage and for federal courts to “bail in” to coverage a Feb 16, 2018 · Any state or local jurisdiction can come under the preclearance requirement if, within a fifteen-year window, it commits the requisite number of voting rights violations. The preclearance requirement, found in Section 5 of the law, was designed to prevent voting-related discrimination by governments with a history of such discrimination; until the court’s 2013 decision, it applied to the entire states of Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia, as well as The NYVRA further authorizes the CRB to promulgate rules to effectuate the preclearance requirement, which may include, but need not be limited to, rules for an expedited, emergency preclearance process in the event of a disaster or exigent circumstances, and rules designating additional types of voting- or election-related changes for The pre-clearance provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which required jurisdictions with a history of discriminatory voting practices, was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2013. Sep 25, 2024 · This Handbook focuses on the NYVRA’s “preclearance” requirement. Holder. The Court left it to Congress to create a new coverage formula for Section 4. Holder, 570 U. Aug 15, 2024 · On June 25, 2013, the Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to use the coverage formula in Section 4 (b) of the VRA to determine which jurisdictions are subject to the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the VRA. Nov 12, 2024 · What is US Customs and Border Protection Pre-Clearance? This service basically allows aircraft flying from certain approved airports direct to the US to complete their entry procedures at their departure airport - instead of on arrival in the US. Jun 26, 2013 · The Supreme Court had repeatedly upheld the law in earlier decisions, saying that the preclearance requirement was an effective tool to combat the legacy of lawless conduct by Southern officials May 9, 2019 · The Supreme Court declared the formula unconstitutionally outdated in 2013. Y. On December 19, 2023, the Office of the New York State Attorney General issued preliminary guidance, explaining the NYVRA preclearance process and preliminarily identifying the localities and changes that are subject to the preclearance requirement. Shelby County contends that, in addition to its theoretical flaws, the preclearance coverage formula is flawed in practice. There is a long history of litigation regarding Section 5 and its constitutionality. 7470 (February 9, 2011); 67 Fed. Holder, 133 S. Individuals are subject to immigration and customs inspections by U. Further, in response to the Brnovich decision, the bill would restore Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act to ensure that voters have the full ability to challenge voting discrimination in court. Feb 5, 2020 · The "preclearance" requirement in Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prevents certain jurisdictions from changing voting laws without approval from federal authorities. Sep 16, 2025 · Preclearance Operates at 15 Locations Worldwide! Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Preclearance is the strategic stationing of CBP personnel at designated foreign airports to inspect travelers prior to boarding U. Jun 27, 2023 · All told, a third of the states subject to preclearance (five of the 15) enacted photo ID laws in anticipation of, or immediately following, the Shelby decision. The preclearance requirement under Section 5 remained in effect until the jurisdiction instituted a successful bailout lawsuit under Section 4 (a). Within 24 hours of the Shelby ruling, Texas announced that it would implement a strict photo-ID law. 2612 (2013). B. S. Mar 11, 2024 · Prior to 2013, Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act required states and localities with an extensive history of racially discriminatory voting practices to submit any changes in their election laws and policies or electoral district maps to the federal government for advance review before putting them into effect, a process known as preclearance. By entering this unit for clearance and/or renewal you are agreeing to this use of DHCR data related to the apartment Shelby County v. In the years since, Brennan Center has consistently found that states previously covered by the preclearance requirement have engaged in significant efforts to disenfranchise voters. Jun 25, 2013 · It does not overturn the Voting Rights Act's ban on discriminatory voting rules. For those who are unfamiliar with the act, one of the key provisions for deterring and preventing racial discrimination at the polls […] Jun 25, 2023 · A decade after Shelby County v. Jun 4, 2013 · The preclearance requirement also applies to all cities and other governmental units, such as school boards, within these counties. Department of Justice (U. United States border preclearance is a method of prescreening border control operated by the United States Department of Homeland Security to screen individuals seeking entry to the United States in eligible facilities located outside of the United States pursuant to agreements between the United States and host countries. Learn how the law works, what documents are needed, and how to prepare for your TN visa interview. This gives Canadians a faster, more convenient way to apply for TN status while remaining protected under Canadian law. What are the general requirements for prescription drug advertisements directed toward consumers? The same statute and regulations apply regardless of the audience targeted by a prescription drug The NYVRA further authorizes the CRB to promulgate rules to effectuate the preclearance requirement, which may include, but need not be limited to, rules for an expedited, emergency preclearance process in the event of a disaster or exigent circumstances, and rules designating additional types of voting- or election-related changes for Sep 1, 2021 · Voting rights: preclearance. Voting changes can only be "precleared" if the local government shows that they will not harm voters of color. Business Economics Economics questions and answers Prior to 2013, the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act required thatany change to voting procedures in a state covered by the Voting Rights Act must be approved by a federal court. 529 (2013), is a landmark decision [1] of the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the constitutionality of two provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965: Section 5, which requires certain states and local governments to obtain federal preclearance before implementing any changes to their voting laws or practices; and subsection (b) of Section 4 Jan 28, 2021 · Section 5, also known as preclearance, required states and jurisdictions with a proven historical record of discriminatory voting practices to obtain certification before making changes to election procedures that the proposed changes were not discriminatory. , TGLMX, TGGBX, TGEIX, MWSIX, MWLDX, MWTRX, etc. Holder gutted preclearance, voter suppression laws surged. In Shelby County v. Law § 17-200 et seq. Issues: Recognize that this is a multiple-choice question about the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act before 2013, and the first step will be to understand the implication of each choice. Mar 4, 2005 · Section 5, 42 U. [5] At the time of the Shelby County ruling, nine states were subject to the preclearance requirement in Section 5, along with 56 counties and two townships in other states. Nov 7, 2023 · On June 25, 2013, the Supreme Court ended enforcement of Section 5 of the 1965 Voting Rights Act in Shelby County v. Bilateral Agreement - An agreement between CBP and the host government establishing the parameters of Preclearance operations, including CBP authorities, protections, infrastructure requirements, etc. Also in contrast to Section 5 preclearance, courts have invoked Section 3 (c) infrequently. Holder decision immobilized the Section 5 preclearance process that required states, counties, cities, and towns with histories of racial discrimination in voting to submit all proposed voting changes to the U. counties provide a printed sample ballot to all registered voters at least 30 days before the elections. Feb 19, 2013 · Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act has protected our right to vote and is needed to continue building a diverse electorate that includes all Americans. Purpose: Established the criteria to determine which jurisdictions were subject to preclearance requirements under Section 5. In addition to preclearing and receiving prior approval, Employees are required by Section V. Supreme Court case struck down the formula for determining the states covered under the Section 5 preclearance requirement of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?, Preclearance required that either ______ or ________ would have to approve any changes that certain states wanted to make to their voting laws, The Key date for test of voting law's preclearance requirement (Lyle Denniston, July 18, 2013) New Texas voting disputes (Lyle Denniston, July 3, 2013) SCOTUS for law students (sponsored by Bloomberg Law): Dissenting from the bench (Stephen Wermiel, July 2, 2013) A view from Alabama (John Neiman, June 28, 2013) It would also add a preclearance requirement for certain practices that are frequently discriminatory, such as voter ID. Holder involved a challenge to Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, which requires jurisdictions that have a history of engaging in racial discrimination in voting to obtain federal permission – “pre-clearance” – before altering their voting laws and regulations. Jan 24, 2024 · The preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, prior to its change in 2013, mandated that certain states and local governments with a history of voting discrimination obtain federal approval before making any changes to their voting procedures. 76 Fed. Nov 9, 2015 · The Voting Rights Act of 1965 attempted to end discrimination at the polls. Under the requirement, jurisdictions with a history of voting discrimination must get approval from the Department of Justice (DOJ) or a federal court in Washington, DC, before changing their voting laws or practices to ensure that the changes Preclearance refers to a requirement established by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that mandates certain jurisdictions with a history of discriminatory voting practices to obtain federal approval before making any changes to their voting laws or procedures. airports, improving border efficiency for business and pleasure travel-ers. Aug 28, 2025 · Preclearance refers to a requirement for certain actions or changes to receive approval from a higher authority or specific agency before they can take effect. More specifically, this is the third in examining section 5 and the preclearance requirements it imposes on covered States and counties. ' 1973c, know as the "preclearance" requirement, is one of the special provisions of Act whose application is triggered by the coverage formula in Section 4 (b). Despite the Court’s majority opinion that Section 5 was no longer needed, practices like enforcing strict voter ID May 30, 2019 · When the Supreme Court found Section 4 unconstitutional, it left the federal government without a way of deciding which jurisdictions should be subject to preclearance requirements. Where can I do it? If you're a bizav flight (i. QUESTION: Do I have to file pre-clearance for MetWest / TCW Funds? ANSWER: Open end Mutual Funds: While pre-clearance will still not be required, all positions in TCW and MetWest Funds must be reported as holdings in StarCompliance if they are held in any covered account. officers to process TN visa applications at Canadian airports before travelers depart for the United States. Aug 6, 2015 · For preclearance to work, Congress had to decide which jurisdictions would be covered. gov. Jun 25, 2019 · To resume using Section 5, the court said that Congress, which created the VRA in 1965, needed to enact a different, constitutional preclearance requirement. However, in the interest of providing maximum transparency and guidance, the Office of the New York Attorney General (“OAG”) provides Feb 21, 2025 · Interested foreign governments and airport operators can submit inquiries pertaining to Preclearance expansion to preclearance. -bound flights. For the other 60 counties, there is simply no Section 5 preclearance requirement. The 5-4 ruling in Shelby County v. Section 5 of the Act requires certain states and localities to gain federal approval for any voting change before it goes into efect to ensure it isn’t discriminatory. Jul 29, 2025 · Federal judges are weighing a request to require Alabama to submit its next congressional map for preclearance. 5411 (January 18, 2001). State legislative changes and the restoration of pre-clearance requirements are critical to implementing, expanding and protecting voting rights. import regulations. This process was known as “preclearance,” and Congress used a formula to determine which jurisdictions would be covered by this preclearance requirement. Holder left massive dents in the infrastructure we have to ensure that all Americans are able to have their voices heard. Holder decision was the elimination of the preclearance requirement that had played a vital role in preventing voter discrimination. Department of Justice approval for all changes related to voting. 50 Nov 22, 2022 · The Preclearance Requirement, part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, mandated that states with a history of voter suppression obtain federal approval before changing voting laws. Enacted in 1965 and reauthorized by Congress in 1970, 1975, 1982, and 2006, Section 5 required jurisdictions that had a history of voting discrimination to obtain approval from the Attorney General or a federal court before implementing Nov 17, 2023 · Litigation Concerning Section 5 On June 25, 2013, the United States Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to use the coverage formula in Section 4 (b) of the Voting Rights Act to determine which jurisdictions are subject to the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, Shelby County v. The Supreme Court upheld these changes in 1973, 1980, and 1999. Supreme Court declared (5–4) unconstitutional Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965, which set forth a formula for determining which jurisdictions were required (under Section 5 of the act) to seek federal approval of any proposed change to their electoral laws or procedures (“preclearance”). S In 2006, Congress amended the Act to overturn two Supreme Court cases: Reno v. What is required now? Nothing Suppose, once upon a time, a Section 5 jurisdiction wished to make a change related to voting, but the Justice Department objected and the change never went into effect. However, it was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2013, leading to concerns Please be advised that DSS/HRA/DHS uses data from the New York Division of Housing and Community Renewal (DHCR) to check the rent stabilization status and maximum legal rent amount of each apartment unit entered for clearance and each unit at the time of lease renewal. The 1975 amendment regarding second-language materials expanded the preclearance requirement to Texas, Alaska, and Arizona, as well as several counties in six other states. In the United States, both the federal and state governments are sovereign. e. Jul 15, 2022 · Higgins, Ortt & Morinello call for end to preclearance requirement imposed by ArriveCAN Submitted Fri, Jul 15th 2022 11:45 am Jun 30, 2015 · Access Persons are reminded, however, that obtaining pre-clearance for a transaction as required under this PTP does not relieve them from conducting their personal securities transactions in full compliance with the provisions of this PTP and applicable law, including compliance with the prohibitions on the following investment activities. Preclearance requires all local jurisdictions (for example, a county, city, town, village, or school district) and local boards of elections (“BOEs”) that are covered under the NYVRA’s preclearance coverage formula to submit election- and voting-related changes for review before they can take effect. Sep 1, 2021 · In connection with the 2000 and 2010 Census redistricting cycles, the Department of Justice issued guidance concerning redistricting under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, 52 U. Preclearance (Section 5) Geographic coverage: The VRAA creates a new formula to determine which states and localities will be subject to preclearance. C. Holder is a legal case, decided on June 25, 2013, in which the U. Considering this, why were federal civil rights laws needed? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which 2013 U. This mechanism was designed to prevent voter suppression and protect the voting rights of marginalized communities, particularly in the Jun 21, 2023 · For almost 50 years, the Voting Rights Act was arguably the most effective piece of civil rights legislation in the nation’s history, and the preclearance requirement, found in Section 5 of the law, was its most innovative and impactful provision. As a result, over 3500 municipalities were released from the preclearance requirement to seek federal approval prior to enacting changes to elections. Department of Justice for preclearance. applied to all elections held anywhere in the United States. Personal Securities Transactions Excluded from the Preclearance and Approval Requirement and Reporting Requirements. Existing law, the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, provides that a change in voting procedures may not take effect in a state or political subdivision that is covered by the preclearance requirements of the federal act until the change is approved by a specified federal authority. CBP Agriculture Specialists at preclearance locations inspect and monitor retail facilities and airline catering 3. Feb 13, 2013 · Despite claims by opponents to the contrary, abolishing the preclearance requirement does not end federal oversight of elections; instead, it simply shifts some voter discrimination challenges from preclearance to after-the-fact lawsuits. It is well documented that this was the case in many states prior to the adoption of the original preclearance requirement in 1965. Feb 21, 2025 · Upon sufficient fulfillment of requirements necessary for implementing Preclearance, CBP and partners engage in three fundamental agreements. Why? Section 4’s unconstitutionality renders Section 5’s preclearance requirement a nullity. But in those cases where the Justice Department did object, the preclearance requirement and the intents standard played an absolutely crucial role in bringing us to where we are today, which is a lot of progress compared to where we were 40 years ago. Jun 27, 2013 · In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court held Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 unconstitutional. Rather, Holder argues, the formula remains relevant because it still specifies the areas that Congress wishes to subject to the preclearance requirements. The effects of the ruling were immediate. ” Section 5 is May 17, 2023 · Shelby County On June 25, 2013, the United States Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to use the coverage formula in Section 4 (b) of the Voting Rights Act to determine which jurisdictions are subject to the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, Shelby County v. This provides for “domestic”- style arrivals at U. Holder did not strike down Section 5, but without a formula the preclearance requirement is unenforceable. 32 Preclearance remedies this failure by preventing a new law from taking effect until the jurisdiction satisfies its burden of establishing the law will not have a discriminatory effect. Shelby County, Alabama argued that Section 5 was an outdated and unnecessary infringement on state . Where a jurisdiction is required under section 3 (c) to preclear its voting changes, and it elects to submit the proposed changes to the Attorney General for preclearance, the procedures in this part will apply. Holder: The Court suspended the operation of part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which required certain state and local governments to get permission from the federal government before changing rules that affect the right to vote or the election process. § 10304, which establishes preclearance requirements for voting changes in certain covered jurisdictions. Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott challenged the federal Voting Rights Act in 2013, arguing that its preclearance requirements violated the state sovereignty of Texas. This allowed states and localities with histories of discriminatory practices to change their voting laws without federal oversight. Constitution. This preclearance could be obtained from either the U. Learn why preclearance matters and what we can still do. Jun 25, 2013 · Shelby County v. The purpose of Sep 1, 2021 · On June 25, 2013, the United States Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to use the coverage formula in Section 4 (b) of the Voting Rights Act to determine which jurisdictions are subject to the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, Shelby County v. Preclearance required that either _________________ or ________________ would have to approve any changes that certain states wanted to make to their voting laws. Nov 17, 2023 · The Shelby County decision On June 25, 2013, the United States Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to use the coverage formula in Section 4 (b) of the Voting Rights Act to determine which jurisdictions are subject to the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, Shelby County v. One of the most controversial and debated aspects involves the preclearance stipulations of sections 4 and 5. This approval is called “preclearance. The preclearance provision—Section 5—required states meeting criteria outlined in the formula to demonstrate that any new procedures were not intended to and would not have the effect of hindering the ability to vote based on race or color. Section 5 Preclearance Litigation History In 1966, South Carolina sought a declaration from the Supreme Court that the VRA, and its Section 5 preclearance requirements in particular, were unconstitutional in South Carolina v. All mission requirements are completed at the preclearance port prior to travel, including immigration, cus-toms, and agriculture inspections. 33 Shelby County, Alabama v. b) each state must give the federal Jul 2, 2013 · Current consequence: the ordinance is effective. Jun 24, 2022 · Even before Shelby County v. None of these proposed photo ID policies were implemented until after preclearance requirements were lifted. [6] To the extent that local governments may incur costs associated with preclearance under the New York Voting Rights Act, N. Basing the formula on the 1964 presidential election registration and turnout data, Congress decided that if any jurisdiction both imposed a discriminatory test or device as a prerequisite for voting – such as a literacy test or an educational attainment or good moral character requirement – and had less Jun 25, 2013 · Jurisdictions covered by the preclearance requirement continued to submit, in large numbers, proposed changes to voting laws that the Attorney General declined to approve, auguring that barriers to minority voting would quickly resurface were the preclearance remedy elimi-nated. Learn more about preclearance. Elec. how can a state "bail-out" of a preclearance provision? extended the law for additional years. Business Economics Economics questions and answers Prior to 2013, the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act required thata) states must tell the federal government what types of voting machines they are using at least 90 days before an election to ensure that they are "secure" and cannot be tampered with or manipulated. It is a legal or administrative mandate requiring a proposed action, policy, or change to secure prior approval from a designated governmental body or agency before its implementation. Jul 30, 2025 · This page explains the requirements retailers and caterers must follow. Feb 27, 2013 · The Shelby County v. For example, in 2010, Wisconsin passed stricter voter ID laws and gerrymandering policies. Jun 13, 2021 · The pre- Shelby coverage formula that imposed preclearance requirements on those states mandated that any state or “political subdivision” within a state that both “maintained a ‘test or Preclearance requirements were set to expire five years after enactment in 1965, but amendments passed in 1970, 1975, and 1982 to reauthorize Section 5. Apr 7, 2025 · The Preclearance Act, 2016 allows U. Jun 23, 2023 · One of the most important pieces of the Voting Rights Act was Section 5’s “preclearance” requirement. However, this section will become active again if Congress updates the system for determining which governments fall into Oct 21, 2020 · The preclearance requirement was meant to prevent those jurisdictions from disenfranchising citizens based on race. If you engage in multi-day limit orders, you must obtain preclearance approval on each day that the order is outstanding. B. 529 (2013). Bossier Parish School Board (2000), [62] which interpreted the Section 5 preclearance requirement to prohibit only voting changes that were enacted or maintained for a "retrogressive" discriminatory purpose instead of any discriminatory purpose, and Georgia v. The preclearance requirements for these "bailed in" jurisdictions were unaffected by the Supreme Court's ruling in Shelby County v. Jurisdictions bailed into coverage Courts may "bail in" non-covered jurisdictions and require them to submit some or all of their voting changes for preclearance. Oct 2, 2013 · Even though the word “preclearance” is used to describe the pre­approval requirements in both Sections 3 and 5 of the VRA, Section 3 preclearance is different from Section 5 preclearance in several impor­tant ways, all of which make Section 3 preclearance a more narrowly tailored and flexible remedy than Section 5 preclearance. In 1973, the Supreme Court The preclearance requirement of section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, as amended, applies in the following jurisdictions. Aug 6, 2018 · In the states previously covered by preclearance, Shelby County v. (i. Ct. dhs. The immediate consequence of the Shelby County v. expansion@cbp. The Attorney General had 60 days to review proposed changes. DOJ) or a federal court in Washington. Nov 9, 2012 · Shelby County v. , Preclearance required that either _________________ or ________________ would have to approve Feb 15, 2013 · This preclearance requirement of Section 5 was originally enacted for five years. Reg. Section 4 contained the legislative formula to Jul 25, 2013 · The advocacy groups that are pressing a preclearance requirement for Texas on voting have asked the two lower courts to impose that obligation for a period of at least ten years. Get to Know Preclearance Interested parties can visit the Get to Know Preclearance page to view the requirements for preclearance. It also lists the types of foods and agricultural products that retailers and airline caterers may sell or give to precleared passengers and where to source certain items to comply with U. states must tell the Jun 26, 2013 · The recent Supreme Court decision on the Voting Right Act will have wide repercussions, particularly for Virginia, a state which was previously held to the preclearance requirement that was just struck down on Tuesday. below to report all Personal Securities Transactions under the Code subject to a few limited exceptions set forth below. Feb 8, 2012 · Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, sixteen states are required to submit any redistricting plans to the U. Written into the act were several sections, or provisions. Holder, states without preclearance requirements were able to pass voting restrictions that disproportionately affect minorities, elderly people, and low-income communities. Preclearance is defined as the process of seeking U. ) Closed-end Fund: Remember that TCW Strategic Income Fund (TSI Under the NYVRA, preclearance requires local governments with a recent history of suppressing voting rights or other kinds of discrimination to get approval from New York’s Attorney General or a court before changing voting rules or procedures. Thus, a key issue for Congress in determining how to deal with the preclearance requirement of the Act due to expire in 2007-assuming it seeks to restore the protection of minority voting rights that existed before January 2000-is whether to revise the language of Section 5 so as to restore the long-accepted definition of purpose thrown out by Employees currently required to preclear ETFs and/or futures contracts will have the same preclearance requirements for cryptocurrency-based ETFs and futures contracts. Jun 25, 2020 · Unfortunately, that’s exactly what has happened. (“NYVRA”), such costs are imposed not by this rule, but by the requirements set forth in the statute. Impact: Identified areas with a history of discriminatory voting practices based on specific criteria. Examples of the kind of changes that will not pass the preclearance requirement the state can show the US district court in the district of columbia that it has not applied any voting procedure in a discriminatory way for at least 10 years. District Court for the District of Columbia approval before implementing changes to voting standards, practices, procedures, prerequisites, or qualifications. ioqn iwr sebyeg lhu iez plle jhdna jsm rnvjos tiwia cgt qcasr jgdzazffj add fuqme