Postgres round sum. Query: SELECT ROUND(100.
Postgres round sum To round values of The SUM() function ignores NULL. 01. 7489390 and . Output. To format it to 2 digits you can e. You learned three different methods for rounding: Using the `ROUND()` function; Using the `CEIL()` function; Use round() with two parameters, which only works for the data type numeric. The SUM function in PostgreSQL is used to return the sum of values. FLOOR(numeric_expression) Arguments. We can use the ::NUMERIC operator to round the average price to a number with 2 decimals: Return the averarge price of all the products, rounded to 2 decimals: The SUM() function In this tutorial, you'll learn about PostgreSQL aggregate functions including AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM. 78 <- changed from 1993. 00, but something like this would still add up to 10000. For numeric, ties are broken by rounding away from zero. 38 and 1238. Rounds <parameter>v</parameter> to <parameter>s</parameter> decimal places. PostgreSQL round timestamp seconds down for a postgres pre-created date with milliseconds. Sauf note explicite, toute forme donnée d'une fonction renvoie le même type de donnée que ses arguments ; les cas inter-type sont résolus de la même façon qu'expliqué ci-dessus pour les opérateurs. for example: 15. 4382, 2) → Summary: in this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use PostgreSQL SUM() function to calculate the sum of a set of values. 0, PostgreSQL 8. You can either do this: In general you would first set NULL values to 0 and then SUM them:. An alternative is to use round(f,3)::float or to create a round_tofloat() function. The PostgreSQL SUM() is an aggregate function How to round column values to some decimal places? The version of round that takes a precision is only available for numeric, so you have to cast the value to be rounded to numeric. The types decimal and numeric are equivalent. I needed to round number to the nearest multiple of 50. just perfect! this makes the job – 表9-4に使用可能な算術関数を示します。この表内のdpは、double precisionを意味します。これら関数の多くは、異なる引数型を持つ複数の形で提供されています。 特別な場合を除き、ある任意形式の関数はその引数と同じデータ型を返します。 The official site for Redrock Postgres, the world's best PostgreSQL database. postgres round function: unexpected behaviour in specific query. quantity) * i. Add a comment | 4 Answers Sorted by: Reset to default 1 . How to round up in postgres. The source argument is a number or a numeric expression that is to be rounded. 77 Learn how to round a number to 2 decimals in Postgres with this easy-to-follow guide. Here’s the syntax of the SUM function that calculates the sum of values in a table column:. The ROUND() function accepts 2 arguments: \1) source. Rounds to nearest integer. n_nilai, 0)) Otherwise your queries have a few deficiencies such as field LIKE '%' which is a really inefficient way of writing field IS NOT NULL. You've found a case where PostgreSQL's normal attempt to delay zero-divide evaluation doesn't work, by the looks, probably to do with the aggregate function. However, SELECT round(130 / 50) * 50 gave 100. 在中国 Postgres 中调用round(NUMERIC)会使用内部函数numeric_round执行四舍五入逻辑的实现。而round(DOUBLE PRECISION)会调用内部函数dround,在该函数内仅执行 rint()。 round函数是去小数点,我查过好多方法并不好用,于是有了round(cast(a/b as numeric), 2) 这个就可以用要加个cast才可以的_pg round postgresql中round函数用法 最新推荐文章于 2025-02-07 00:19:06 发布 postgresql中round()函数和avg函数一起使用的坑!! 在工作当中遇到这么一个坑,就是相对表中的a. Inside Postgres you wouldn't worry much about trailing zeroes. id_item, i. sum() Examples To demonstrate usages of the PostgreSQL sum() function, we simulate a temporary table using the following statement with UNION and SELECT: The answer to your first question is to round() after the sum():. Postgres sql round to 2 decimal places. Rounding numbers is a common task in data analysis and reporting. 四捨五入をする(ROUND関数) PostgreSQLで小数点の四捨五入を行う際に使用するのが、 ROUND 関数です。 この関数は数値データを最も近い整数、または指定した小数点以下の桁数に四捨五入するために使われます。 Now I want to round all these numbers to two decimal places, but keep the sum as 10000. Return value. PostgreSQL 文档: The PostgreSQL round() function rounds the specified number to the specified precision and returns the result. Postgres SQL Query to total column with multiple filters. N Dice problem with Sum and Disivibility How do I round number UP to the multiple of 10 in PostgreSQL easily? Example: In Out 100 --> 100 111 --> 120 123 --> 130 Sample data: create table sample(mynumber Cascade rounding is an algorithm to round an array of floats while preserving their sum. Quick solution: SELECT ROUND(number, decimals); Practical example Simple example. 聚合函数对一组行执行计算并返回一行。PostgreSQL 提供了所有标准 SQL 的聚合函数,如下 In PostgreSQL, the ROUND() function is used to round a numeric value to a specified number of decimal places or to the nearest integer. 1235 To show more PostgreSQL:将Postgres SQL四舍五入至两位小数 在本文中,我们将介绍如何在PostgreSQL数据库中将Postgres SQL结果四舍五入至两位小数。PostgreSQL是一种功能强大且广泛使用的关系型数据库管理系统,它支持丰富的数据类型和操作,包括数值计算和数值格式化。四舍五入至两位小数常用于货币计算、统计分析 SELECT round(avg(ratings. 22 14:12 浏览量:13 简介:本文将深入探讨PostgreSQL中的round函数,包括其用法、参数、性能优化以及注意事项。通过本文,读者将全面了解round函数在PostgreSQL中的实际应用,并掌握如何在实际开发中有效地使用它。 Calculate total suma by agreement for each its order (not goods at order which are with slightly different rounding) How to sum 737. 这意味着sum()在计算时不考虑null。. convert it to currency. average_price -----1121. 12345, 4); Output: 100. The use of a scalar sub-query makes the overall query really difficult to read and the joins can probably be You "have unit tests that depend on in-memory databases", then you are NOT in a simulated production environment - the database at lease must be the same. If you look up window functions in the documentation you will find some specific window-only This page in the documentation indicates the differences in rounding between different data types:. 4, PostgreSQL 9. g. Required. PostgreSQL, a popular open-source relational database management system (RDBMS), provides several ways to round numbers. 0 ELSE ROUND(100. 0) * 50 is going My Postgresql version on amazon redshift is PostgreSQL 8. 3. Improve this answer. When rounding values, the numeric type rounds ties away from zero, while (on most machines) the real and double precision types round ties to the nearest even number. For example, SELECT CASE WHEN TRUE THEN 1 ELSE 1/0 END succeeds. For double precision, the tie-breaking behavior is platform dependent, but “ round to nearest even ” is the most common rule. id_item = o. and SUM(). 2, PostgreSQL 9. Rounds v to s decimal places. 例如,如果没有distinct选项,对 1、1、8 和 2 应用sum()将返回 12。当带有distinct选项时,对 1、1、8 和 2 应用sum()将返 To round the average price to a number with two digits after the decimal point, you can use the ROUND() function: SELECT ROUND(AVG(price), 2) AS average_price FROM products WHERE category_id = 3; Code language: PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL/pgSQL (pgsql) Try it. 5. In this example, we will show you how to simply round a number to four decimal places using ROUND() function. 005 and the result must be: 30. 1, PostgreSQL 9. The sum by itself should not be rounding. A column name or expression that computes the sum. The basic syntax of the ROUND() function is as below: ROUND(numeric_expression [, decimal_places]) where numeric_expression is the numeric 如果您在现有系统中使用round函数,请确认是否得到了预期的执行结果。 附加内容:round()函数的实现. createQuery(hql); The query looks like this: String hql = "select * from table a where round(co Parameters expr. 6. 00: CASH ===== 1993. In PostgreSQL, the round() function is used for rounding a number. Commented Oct 27, 2021 at 7:23. The floating point types available in PostgreSQL are real or double precision. If you are dealing with a numeric datatype, then you can first round(), then cast to float:. The function can work in one of two ways, depending on how you use it. 0 * sum(b) / sum(b), 2) END AS c_avg FROM table_name GROUP BY group_by_column Share. In this article, we will show you how to round numbers to 2 decimal places using the `ROUND` function. The syntax of the FLOOR() function is as follows:. 23456 to 2 decimal places, you would use the following code: sql SELECT ROUND(1. select date, meter, round(sum(case when period = 1 then value end), 2) as period_01, round(sum(case when period = 2 then value end), 2) as period_02, round(sum(case when period = 3 then value end), 2) as period_03, round(sum(case when period = 4 then value end), 2) as period_04 SELECT sum(s::int) FROM regexp_split_to_table('1^1^1^5^1|1^1|1^1','\D') as s Here you use the regex \D to split on everything that is not a digit, leaving you with the groups of digits (read more about postgres regex), which you then sum as integers. While being at it, your query can be simpler and faster: , round(sum(suminsured), 2) AS suminsured. When working with data, it is often necessary to round numbers to a specific number of decimal places. id_item WHERE o. Use the `ROUND` function to round a number to a specified number of decimal places. areklipno areklipno. Syntax From this cte I want to calculate the percentage of the count compared to the sum of the count as a new third column, and I want the percentage without decimals. 43. You might 解决方案: 使用cast函数将需要四舍五入的值转为 numeric,转为其他的类型可能会报错 示例:round(cast(计算结果) as numeric), 2) Postgresql: sum of count and one column? Related. For example, consider With modern PostgreSQL, we can use “window functions” to calculate the denominator of our percentage on-the-fly. vを小数点第s位まで丸めます。 小数点以下 I have a table which has a numeric column named 'capacity'. 7489391 – John Wesley Gordon. 405 3 3 Postgresql SUM with filter group column. price) ) as x Regards, Jayadevan DISCLAIMER: "The SELECT sum (pop_est_2019)-sum (pop_est_2018) as sum_diff , round (avg (pop_est_2019), 0)-round (avg (pop_est_2018), 0) as avg_diff FROM us_counties_pop_est_2019. 0. Rounding to eliminate decimal. 42 Code language: PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL Rounding off a number up to specific decimal places is a very common task. Introduction to PostgreSQL aggregate functions; Noted that the ROUND() function was PostgreSQL - 浮点数的四舍五入 在本文中,我们将介绍如何在 PostgreSQL 中对浮点数进行四舍五入操作。浮点数是带有小数部分的数字,它们在计算机科学中广泛应用,特别是在科学计算、金融和工程领域。在某些情况下,我们可能需要对浮点数进行四舍五入,以满足特定的需求或准确性 The PostgreSQL ROUND() function returns a number rounded to the specified number of decimal places. round ( numeric) → numeric. 77 to 1993. Includes examples and code snippets. I have struggled with an equivalent issue. 111 5. Getting Started with the PostgreSQL SUM Aggregate Function #. 0000001 you would get 1. For Show you how to use the PostgreSQL ROUND () function to round a number to its nearest integer or a number of specified decimal places. It means that SUM() doesn’t consider the NULL in calculation. 2. 10. SELECT SUM(column1) FROM 在 PostgreSQL 中使用 AVG() 函数获取集合的平均值 ; 使用 ROUND 函数将平均值舍入到 2 个小数位 ; 今天,我们将学习在 PostgreSQL 中将平均值舍入到小数点后 2 位。 在 PostgreSQL 中使用 AVG() 函数获取集合的 Casting it after the division does work: ROUND(sum(column) / 60::numeric(30,2),2) Thanks for getting me into the right direction! – Frankicks. Ties are broken by rounding away from zero. take only one number among group (I can not sum( item_suma ), because it will return 无涯教程网提供PostgreSQL SUM 函数用于查找各种记录中一个字段的总和。 以下示例将汇总与一个人相关的所有记录,您将获得每个人的薪水。现在,基于上表,假设您要计算所有薪水的总和,那么可以使用以下命令进行计算-PostgreSQL SUM 函数用于查找各种记录中一个 这个错误提示是因为在PostgreSQL中,round()函数的参数与MySQL中的round()函数略有不同。在PostgreSQL中,round()函数的第一个参数是数值类型,第二个参数是整数类型,表示要保留的小数位数。因此,在您的语句中,需要将第二个参数2改为整数类型, PostgreSQL:PostgreSQL中的列值四舍五入 在本文中,我们将介绍如何在PostgreSQL中对列值进行四舍五入的操作。四舍五入是一种常见的数学运算,可以使用ROUND函数来实现。我们将详细讨论在不同情况下如何使用ROUND函数对列值进行四舍五入,并提供示例说明。 阅读更多:PostgreSQL 教程 ROUND函数的基本用法 The built-in method of rounding in PostgreSQL is Half Round Up. 5 affiche les fonctions mathématiques disponibles. 309 10. The original _val column has some positive as well as negative values. How can I get sum total of each column? 0. 文章浏览阅读5. If you had 2 values, say 1. Actually, PostgreSQL jumps through a bunch of hoops to make that work normally. Share. amount) / SUM(replacement_cost), 2) For numeric, ties are broken by rounding away from zero. 78 5015. 4) → 42. 可通过 +86 13022832863 或 john. 88 1993. round ( double precision) → double precision. answered Jun 23 How to Round Table Data in PostgreSQL? We created a table named round_example that has only one column: original_val. round(avg(salary), 2)::float If you are dealing with a float column, then you would need to cast the result of the aggregate しかし、最も普通の規則は 「 最近接偶数への丸め(round to nearest even) 」 です。 round(42. round ( v numeric, s integer) → numeric. The FLOOR() function Is there a postgresql function that will return a timestamp rounded to the nearest minute? The input value is a timestamp and the return value should be a timestamp. PostgreSQL round(v numeric, s int) 0. the query is: sql round函数踩坑,round函数的作用、使用方法,实现所占百分比的示例。 postgres 数据库 sql round函数踩坑和所占百分比示例 雷王来踩坑 2022-06-22 822 阅读2分钟 本文已参与新文创作礼活动,一起开启掘金创作之路 postgresql round half down function. Beaucoup de ces fonctions sont fournies dans des formes différentes avec des types d'argument différents. Table of Contents. quantity), ROUND (SUM (o. We are using Postgres 9. 77, but it returns 137,303 (283. rating), 10)::float8; Note that we cast after rounding, as the variant of round() accepting a number of decimal places only works for numeric (due to the inexact nature of internal storage of floating point numbers). Follow edited Feb 6, 2014 at 8:35. The SUM() function takes a set of values and returns their total. My first attempt was SELECT round(120 / 50) * 50, which gives 100. round(42. For example, without the Rounding behavior. da字段进行平均值计算,在用round()保留小数位,这里第一张图在navicate里面运行是正常的,但是在idea的xml文件中运行居然报错! PostgreSQL round函数 在本文中,我们将介绍PostgreSQL数据库中的round函数。round函数用于将一个数字四舍五入到指定的小数位数。 阅读更多:PostgreSQL 教程 round函数的语法 round函数的语法如下所示: round(v numeric, s int) returns numeric 其中,v为要进行四舍五入操作的数字,s为要保留的小数位 How to Round to 2 Decimal Places in PostgreSQL. You can make it round the number to the nearest integer, or to a specified number of decimal places. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as improving readability, reducing rounding errors, or meeting the requirements of edit: in postgresql you can also. 528 5 5 silver badges 12 12 bronze badges. select round(345::decimal/100,1) Share. 如果使用distinct选项,sum()函数将计算不同值的总和。. price, 2) AS cost FROM orders o JOIN items i ON i. 00. 77 difference) Is there a The ROUND() function rounds (to a specific number of decimal places) whatever number you pass to it. date_order BETWEEN '2010-01-01' AND '2010-01-31' GROUP BY i. For example, to round the number 1. The n argument is an integer that determines the number of 在此示例中,我们使用ROUND()函数将结果舍入为整数。 在本教程中,您学习了如何使用 PostgreSQL 的ROUND()函数,将数字四舍五入到最接近的整数或指定小数位的数字。 了解更多. 0. This is wrong; the nearest multiple is 150. 57 996. Follow edited May 22, 2024 at 1:37. If the ROUND() function takes only one value, then it will skip the fractional SELECT region , round(sum(suminsured), 2) AS suminsured , round((sum(suminsured) * 100) / sum(sum(suminsured)) OVER (), 2) AS pct FROM "Exposure_commune" GROUP BY 1; Postgresql rounding numeric value. 4, the field data types is numeric with 19,3 and In this tutorial, you learned how to round to 2 decimal places in PostgreSQL. If you use the DISTINCT option, the SUM() function calculates the sum of distinct values. There is also a few things I'm doing with this table , group_by_column, CASE WHEN 0 = sum(b) THEN 0. Gordon's suggestion here does not work. Postgresql rounding to significant figures. The PostgreSQL sum() function returns the sum of all specified values in a group. Calculate the sum of a values across multiple columns in a table in Postgres (plpgsql) 5. 1. In your case, your first line could look like: SELECT ROUND(SUM(payment. Rounding of numeric value in postgres. redrock@outlook. The official site for Redrock Postgres, the world's best PostgreSQL database. Being biased to a higher value is a well understood problem and why there are so 本篇文章给大家分享的是有关round函数怎么在postgresql 中使用,小编觉得挺实用的,因此分享给大家学习,希望大家阅读完这篇文章后可以有所收获,话不多说,跟着小编一起来看看吧。 Im looking similar thing in PostgreSQL I can do in Excel using FLOOR function. PostgreSQL offers a ROUND() function that takes either one or two arguments/values. SELECT round(130 / 50. If the ROUND() function takes only one value, then it will Summary: In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the PostgreSQL SUM aggregate function to return the sum of a set of values. Let’s utilize the 最後に、使用可能な三角関数を表9-4に示します。 全ての三角関数はdouble precisionデータ型の引数と戻り値を取ります。三角関数の引数はラジアンで表されます。逆関数の返り値はラジアンで表されます。 在PostgreSQL中,round函数用于将数值四舍五入到指定的小数位数。它提供了灵活的参数选项,使得用户可以根据需求进行精确的数值处理。本文将详细介绍round函数的使用方法、参数、性能优化以及注意事项,帮助读者更好地理解和应用这个函数。一、round函数的基本用法round函数的语法如下: PostgreSQL round函数使用总结 作者:c4t 2024. 4 Example - With Single Expression Let's look at some PostgreSQL sum function examples and explore how to use the sum function in PostgreSQL. これは、PostgreSQL Advent Calendar 2019の13日目の記事です。 今回は、PostgreSQLが提供するround関数について取り上げます。round()は、PostgreSQL日本語ドキュメントでは「最も近い整数への丸め」と説明されていて、数値の四捨五入に使われている方も多いのではないでしょう Round to 2 Decimals in PostgreSQL. The trick is to divide using a float, e. com 联系我们。 ROUND: 将数字四舍五入到最接近的整数或指定的小数 You can use a floating point, but you can't set it to a certain number of decimal places. 99 and not 10000. It allows you to round numbers based on your desired precision. Sum of a column with the same name (value) in PostgreSQL. So I tried this: SELECT name, count, ROUND(count*100/(SELECT SUM(count) FROM cte_person_count),0) AS percent FROM cte_person_count When I do that I get: Learning how to use aggregation functions like SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, and COUNT in PostgreSQL is crucial for efficiently summarizing and analyzing data. 9k次,点赞13次,收藏8次。本文介绍了在PostgreSQL中使用round函数进行数值处理时可能遇到的问题及解决方案,如整数相除结果不理想,以及如何通过CAST转换为numeric类型来确保精度。同时,展示了如何结合CAST、round和left函数实现非四舍五入的小数位保留。 The PostgreSQL FLOOR() function returns a number rounded down to the next whole number. I want to select first rows which the total sum of their capacity is no greater than X, Sth like this query select * from table where sum( 背景:最近在测试有关占比,有些算法使用笨办法感觉很浪费时间,所以网上试着找了一个类似的函数来计算,提高效率。 前提描述:存在一张表:label_for_drug_insu_admdvs,其中drug_type为药品分类:1,2,3,4分别代表西药中成药、中药、自制药、民族药。drug_type为性别 PostgreSQL 在查询中如何编写 SUM(IF(布尔值, 整数, 整数)) 列名称 在本文中,我们将介绍如何在 PostgreSQL 查询中编写 SUM(IF(布尔值, 整数, 整数)) 列名称。在某些情况下,我们可能需要根据条件对不同的整数进行求和。在 PostgreSQL 中,我们可以通过使用条件表达式和聚合函数来实现 Tableau 9. Follow asked Nov 18, 2020 at 21:06. The key point is that round() in Postgres does not allows floats (only numeric types are supported). It should return 137,586. Both types are part of the SQL standard. 2. 本篇文章给大家分享的是有关round函数怎么在postgresql 中使用,小编觉得挺实用的,因此分享给大家学习,希望大家阅读完这篇文章后可以有所收获,话不多说,跟着小编一起来看看吧。 文章浏览阅读5k次。实际日常开发工作中,时时需要按指定格式保留小数位,但有时极易出错,现将使用round函数时的细微差异总结如下:结果可仔细观察代码细微不同所带来的结果不同,在实际开发工作中根据自己需要合 The answer depends on the actual datatype of column salary. It doesn't matter if it's the result of a sum, a simple or complex expression, or just a plain number. For column values. 23456, 2); 3. If you want to round and remove the fractional part you can simply CAST it to a DECIMAL with different precision: select cast(SUM(Amount) as DECIMAL(18,0)) as TotalAmount PostgreSQL offers a ROUND() function that takes either one or two arguments/values. Is this possible using PostgreSQL? sql; postgresql; aggregate-functions; Share. 오~ 2019년 인구수의 평균과 합계 모두 2018년에 The official site for Redrock Postgres, the world's best PostgreSQL database. RBK RBK. For example: =FLOOR(199999;100000) Will give me 100 000 I tried in pgsql: SELECT round(199999 ,-5) But this rounds n. For example: sum()函数忽略null. This tutorial demonstrates their power when used in combination with the GROUP BY clause. Here’s the syntax to return the sum of values in a column: SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name; where column_name is the name of the column you want to sum and table_name is the name of the table containing the column. 方法一 四舍五入 方法二 截取小数点后位数,并进行四舍五入 But you are looking for something like SELECT SUM (cost) from ( (SELECT i. Commented Jun 11, 2014 at 12:43. Postgresql rounding numeric value. The manual: when we use SUM on a data table gives a 1 or 2 cents of difference due to rounding in Postgres. when we use SUM on a data table gives a 1 or 2 cents of difference due to rounding in Postgres. Postgres round to 2 decimals 1. calculate sum of two columns in PostgreSQL 9. PostgreSQL 教程:数学函数. PostgreSQL 9. PostgreSQL 聚合函数示例; AVG() 函数示例; COUNT() 函数示例; MAX() 函数示例; MIN() 函数示例; SUM() 函数示例; PostgreSQL 聚合函数简介. 3? eg. price, SUM (o. This means that when the input is exactly halfway between two numbers, it rounds up to the higher number. The ROUND(float,int) function is f_round, it returns a (decimal) NUMERIC datatype, that is fine for some applications: problem solved! In another applications we need a float also as result. answered Arguments. Syntax. SELECT SUM(COALESCE(bgrealisasi0. Unfortunately, it is not the best approach, as it is biased to a higher value. 3, PostgreSQL 9. How does one implements this algorithm in PostgreSQL? I have a query which is executed from java application like this: Query query = getEntityManager(). Rounding all numbers but keep the sum. Always round up to a specific decimal place? 1. Follow answered Aug 2, 2018 at 12:09. round() Syntax This is the syntax of the PostgreSQL round() function: select ROUND(SUM(CASE WHEN status= 0 THEN total_budget ELSE 0 END)) AS total_a, ROUND(SUM(CASE WHEN status= 1 THEN total_sisa_tahun_lalu ELSE 0 END)) AS total_b, SUM(CASE WHEN status = 0 THEN total_budget WHEN status = 1 THEN total_sisa_tahun_lalu ELSE 0 END) from product I'm trying to SUM 8 million floating point (REAL) values with simple query like this: SELECT SUM(metric) FROM metrics; However, it returns very inaccurate result. Query: SELECT ROUND(100. . Postgres round() function uses the half-round-up method for tie-breaking. In this article, we would like to show you how to use ROUND() function in PostgreSQL. The above query groups sales by month, rounding down dates to the first of the month, and then sums 需求:使用postgresql的round()四舍五入保留两位小数 报错:HINT: No function matches the given name and argument types. In the above example, if I remove the last digit, the sum of the numbers will be 9999. If decimal_places is a negative number, this function will make digits to the left of the decimal place 0 values. 4, the field data types is numeric with 19,3 and the result have to be with two decimals. 8. Introduction to PostgreSQL SUM() function. Perform two sums with different conditions. Improve this question. \2) n. ofkqq qklgay kwm oqloj gjfp erigl xavb fdby ekaox lpf hrmpz pqit mvnj pxcuc nijdzlm